Official name	La Paz
Native name	''Nuestra Señora de La Paz''''Chuquiago Marka or Chuqiyapu''''La Paz''
Motto	"Los discordes en concordia, en paz y amor se juntaron y pueblo de paz fundaron para perpetua memoria"
Image seal	Escudodearmaslapaz.gif
Map caption	Location of La Paz within La Paz Department
Pushpin map	Bolivia
Coordinates display	inline,title
Coordinates region	BO
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	Departament
Subdivision name1	La Paz
Subdivision type2	Province
Subdivision name2	Pedro Domingo Murillo
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Luis Antonio Revilla Herrero
Established title1	Founded
Established date1	October 20, 1548 by Alonso de Mendoza
Established title2	Independence
Established date2	July 16, 1809
Established title3
Established title4	Incorporated (El Alto)
Established date4	20th century
Unit pref
Area total km2	472
Area urban km2	3240
Population as of	2008
Population total	877,363
Population density km2	6275.16
Population metro	2,364,235
Timezone	BOT
Utc offset	−4
Elevation m	3,640
Elevation ft	11,942
Blank name	HDI (2010)
Blank info	0.672 – high
Postal code type
Area code	2
Website	www.lapaz.bo
Footnotes	}}

Nuestra Señora de La Paz (; ; ) is the administrative capital of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of La Paz Department, and the second largest city (in population) only after Santa Cruz de la Sierra. It is located in the western part of the country in the department of the same name It is located at an elevation of above sea level, making it the world's highest "de facto" capital city, or administrative capital.

The official capital of Bolivia is Sucre and it is the seat of Justice, La Paz has more government departments, hence the "de facto" qualifier. The city sits in a "bowl" surrounded by the high mountains of the altiplano.

As it grows, La Paz climbs the hills, resulting in varying elevations from 3,000 meters to 4,100 meters (9,840 ft to 13,450 ft). Overlooking the city is towering triple-peaked Illimani, which is always snow-covered and can be seen from several spots of the city, including from the neighbor city, El Alto. As of the 2001 census, the city had a population of 877,363. La Paz Metropolitan area, formed by the cities of La Paz, El Alto and Viacha, make the most populous urban area of Bolivia, with a population of 2.3 million inhabitants and surpassing the metropolitan area of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

History

Founded in 1548 by the Spanish conquistadors at the site of the Native American settlement, Laja, the full name of the city was originally ''Nuestra Señora de La Paz'' (meaning ''Our Lady of Peace''). The name commemorated the restoration of peace following the insurrection of Gonzalo Pizarro and fellow conquistadors four years earlier against Blasco Núñez Vela, the first viceroy of Peru. The city was later moved to its present location in the valley of Chuquiago Marka.

Control over the former Inca lands had been entrusted to Pedro de la Gasca by the Spanish king (and Holy Roman Emperor) Emperor Charles V. Gasca commanded Alonso de Mendoza to found a new city commemorating the end of the civil wars in Peru; the city of La Paz was founded on October 20, 1548.

In 1549, "Juan Gutierrez Paniagua" was commanded to design an urban plan that would designate sites for public areas, plazas, official buildings, and a cathedral. La Plaza de los Españoles, which is known today as the Plaza Murillo, was chosen as the location for government buildings as well as the Metropolitan Cathedral.

Spain controlled La Paz with a firm grip and the Spanish king had the last word in all matters political. In 1781, for a total of six months, a group of Aymara people laid siege to La Paz. Under the leadership of Tupac Katari, they destroyed churches and government property. Thirty years later Indians laid a two-month siege on La Paz – where and when the legend of the Ekeko is set. In 1809 the struggle for independence from the Spanish rule brought uprisings against the royalist forces. It was on July 16, 1809 that Pedro Domingo Murillo famously said that the Bolivian revolution was igniting a lamp that nobody would be able to turn-off. This formally marked the beginning of the Liberation of South America from Spain. Pedro Domingo Murillo was hanged at the Plaza de los Españoles that night, but his name would be eternally remembered in the name of the plaza, and he would be remembered as the voice of revolution across South America.

In 1825, after the decisive victory of the republicans at Ayacucho over the Spanish army in the course of the Spanish American wars of independence, the city's full name was changed to ''La Paz de Ayacucho'' (meaning ''The Peace of Ayacucho'').

In 1898, La Paz was made the ''de facto'' seat of the national government, with Sucre remaining the nominal historical as well as judiciary capital. This change reflected the shift of the Bolivian economy away from the largely exhausted silver mines of Potosí to the exploitation of tin near Oruro, and resulting shifts in the distribution of economic and political power among various national elites.

Geography

Located at (−16.5, −68.1333), La Paz is built in a canyon created by the Choqueyapu River (now mostly built over), which runs northwest to southeast. The city's main thoroughfare, which roughly follows the river, changes names over its length, but the central tree-lined section running through the downtown core is called the Prado.

The geography of La Paz (in particular the altitude) reflects society: the lower areas of the city are the more affluent areas. While many middle-class residents live in high-rise condos near the center, the houses of the truly affluent are located in the lower neighborhoods southwest of the Prado. And looking up from the center, the surrounding hills are plastered with makeshift brick houses of those less economically fortunate.

The satellite city of El Alto, in which the airport is located, is spread over a broad area to the west of the canyon, on the Altiplano. La Paz is renowned for its unique markets, very unusual topography, and traditional culture.

La Paz is located in the valleys of the Andes, and is closer to the Eastern split of the Altiplano region. Therefore, it is closer to the famous mountains such as the Illimani (guardian of La Paz), Huayna Potosi, Mururata, and Illampu. On the Western side of the Altiplano divide, about an hour to the West of the La Paz, is the site of the tallest mountain in Bolivia and 9th tallest mountain in the Andes, the Sajama Volcano. In July 1994, an earthquake rated at 8.2 struck just 200 miles north of La Paz, the largest earthquake since the Sumbawa earthquake of 1977. Part of the water supply is derived from glaciers, which are becoming a less reliable source of water.

Districts

The city is divided into seven main districts, called "Macro Distritos", which at the same time are divided into 21 small districts or zones. The city is commonly divided by the people into three main zones: South Zone, Central Zone and North Zone.

1st Main District: Cotahuma: San Jorge, Sopocachi, Alto Sopocachi (''Sopocachi Highlands''), Pasankeri, Tembladerani, Llojeta, Alpacoma, Belén, Tacagua, San Pedro, Alto San Pedro (''San Pedro Highlands'')

2nd Main District: Max Paredes: Gran Poder, Obispo Indaburu, Villa Victoria, El Tejar, Alto Tejar, Chamoco Chico, Munaypata, Pura Pura, Ciudadela Ferroviaria

3rd Main District: Periférica: Limanipata, Achachicala, Vino Tinto, 25 de Mayo, 5 Dedos, Santiago de Lacaya, Rosasani, La Merced, Chuquiaguillo

4th Main District: San Antonio: Villa de Copacabana, Villa Armonía, Villa San Antonio, Kupini, Callapa, Pampahasi, San Isidro

5th Main District: Distrito Sur (''South District''): Irpavi, Bolonia, Alto Irpavi, Koani, Achumani, Achumani-Meseta, Alto Achumani, Calacoto, Alto Calacoto, Cotacota, Chasquipampa, Ovejuyo, Obrajes, Alto Obrajes, Bajo LLojeta, Bella Vista, Alto Seguencoma, Bajo Seguencoma.

6th Main District: Mallasa: Amor de Dios, Aranjuez, Mallasilla, Isla Verde, Mallasa, Jupapina,

Comunidad Chiaraque.

7th Main District: Distrito Centro (''Central District''): El Rosario, San Sebastián, Santa Bárbara, Casco Urbano Central, Parque Urbano Central, Miraflores, Casco Viejo

Main neighborhoods and zones

San Jorge:, located on the 1st District (Cotahuma) and near Sopocachi, it is one of the main residential and diplomatic areas of the city. In contains several buildings, both residential and offices, and embassies, including the Spain Embassy, the United States Embassy, the United Kingdom Embassy and others. One of the main avenues of the city, Arce Avenue, starts on this zone.

Sopocachi:, located in the 1st District (Cotahuma), Sopocachi is probably one of the oldest residential neighborhoods, located 10 minutes away from the center of the city. Despite the expansion and development of the area, this quarter maintained its residential property. In the last years, there has been an important commercial expansion, mainly on the surroundings of Abaroa Square, one of the many squares and parks of the zone.

San Pedro:, located on the 1st District (Cotahuma), on the right bank of the Choqueyapu River and built around the "Plaza de San Pedro" (official name: Plaza Sucre, ''Sucre Square''), is home to numerous shops, businesses and small enterprises, especially printing, spare parts and auto maintenance and repair shops. San Pedro's "Rodriguez Market" remains as one of the most popular middle-class and oldest of the city. The San Pedro prison is located here.

Centro: (''Downtown'') is located on the 7th District and comprises the center of La Paz and principal avenues of the city, like Arce Avenue, July 16 Avenue (also known as "Prado Avenue"), Mariscal Santa Cruz Avenue and Camacho Avenue, this last one being the home of the headquarters of the principal banks and companies of the country.

Casco Viejo:, located on the 7th District, is the historic and ancient center of La Paz. It now houses museums, hotels, shops and buildings as the Mayor City of La Paz and the Central Bank of Bolivia. In the Old Quarter is the Plaza Murillo, which is home to the Government Palace and the National Congress.

Miraflores:, located on the 7th District, Miraflores district is separated from downtown by a long barrel (called Parque Urbano Central, ''Central Urban Park'') and connected by the Bridge of the Americas and two avenues. Originally a residential zone, its growth has led it to become a major recreational center. It houses universities (including the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés's faculty of medicine), hospitals and the Estadio Hernando Siles(capacity of 45,000 people).

Northern District:, located on the 2nd and 3rd districts, it has a significant industrial activity (mainly food), being the Cervecería Boliviana Nacional (Bolivian National Brewery) the most significant industry founded by Germans, and one of the city's biggest companies in the country. It connects La Paz with the city of El Alto by the "autopista"or Highway.

Southern District:, located on the 5th district has less height than the rest of La Paz (3,200 to 2,800 meters). This area houses the most affluent and exclusive neighborhoods of the city, like Calacoto, La Florida and Achumani, among others. It has been benefited from steady economic growth and is now the second commercial and financial center of the city, housing international firms like Moody's, Citibank, Aon Corporation, Huawei, Millicom International Cellular, Nissan Motor Corporation represented by '' Taiyo Motors'', Pan American Silver Corporation, a Sumitomo Corporation branch, Ernst & Young, and the "MegaCenter", Bolivia's biggest shopping mall (52.000 mts2 of construction).

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, La Paz has a subtropical highland climate. Owing to the altitude of the city, temperatures are consistently cool throughout the year, though the diurnal temperature variation is typically large. The city has a relatively dry climate, with rainfall occurring mainly in the slightly warmer months of November to March. The sun passes directly overhead in late October and mid February.

Economy

The economy of La Paz has improved greatly in recent years, mainly as a result of improved political leaders. Due to the long period of high inflation and economic struggle faced by Bolivians in the 1980s and early 1990s, a large Informal Economy developed. Evidence of this is provided by the markets found all around the city. While there are stable markets, almost every street in the downtown area and surrounding neighborhoods has at least one vendor on it. La Paz remains the principal center of manufacturing enterprises that produce finished-product goods for the country, with about two-thirds of Bolivia's manufacturing located nearby. Historically, industry in Bolivia has been dominated by mineral processing and the preparation of agricultural products. However, in the urban centre of La Paz, small plants carry out a large portion of the industry. Food, tobacco products, clothing, various consumer goods, building materials, and agricultural tools are produced. "The tin quotations from London are watched in La Paz with close interest as an index of the country's prosperity; a third of the national revenue and more than half of the total customs in 1925 were derived from tin; in short, that humble but indispensable metal is the hub around which Bolivia's economic life revolves. The tin deposits of Bolivia, second largest in the world, ... invite development."

Sports

La Paz is the home of some of the biggest football teams in Bolivia.

Club Bolivar. Founded in 1925, it was named in honor of the Libertador Simón Bolívar, the team has won most of the tournaments national and international championships in the last 20 years

The Strongest. Founded in 1908 and hosts some of its games and trains on its home stadium. Is the oldest team, and the one that has won more tournaments during the 20th century. It has its own stadium named Rafael Mendoza. Don Rafael Mendoza was one of the most important presidents. In 1968 an airplane accident took the life of almost all the players, but Rafael Mendoza made many efforts so that the team rises again as one of the most important of the country.

La Paz F.C.

However, these three teams play the majority of their games in the city stadium, ''Estadio Hernando Siles''. It is host to several other teams that play in the first and second divisions such as: Mariscal Braun (2nd), Always Ready (3rd), Municipal (3rd) and Chaco Petrolero (3rd).

La Paz hosts the national football team and international games.

Education

The city hosts some of the most important universities of the country:

Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Opened in 1830, the second oldest university in Bolivia.

Universidad Católica Boliviana San Pablo

Escuela Militar de Ingeniería

Universidad Privada Boliviana

Universidad Nuestra Señora de La Paz

Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo

Universidad Privada San Francisco de Asis

Universidad Loyola

Universidad NUR

Universidad La Salle

Universidad Tecnológica Boliviana

Universidad Privada del Valle

Universidad Central de Bolivia

Universidad Salesiana de Bolivia

Universidad de Aquino Bolivia

Universidad Adventista de Bolivia

Universidad Saint Paul

Universidad Real

Universidad de Los Andes

Fundación Infocal La Paz

Escuela Normal Superior Simón Bolívar

Escuela Industrial Superior "Pedro Domingo Murillo"

Tourism

La Paz is an important cultural center of Bolivia. The city hosts several cathedrals belonging to the colonial times, such as the San Francisco Cathedral and the Metropolitan Cathedral, this last one located on Murillo Square, which is also home of the political and administrative power of the country. Hundreds of different museums can be found across the city, the most notable ones on Jaén Street, which street design has been preserved from the Spanish days and is home of 10 different museums.

The home of the Bolivian government is located on Murillo Square and is known as "Palacio Quemado" (''Burnt Palace'') as it has been on fire several times. The palace has been restored many times since, but the name has remained untouched.

Main sights

Museums and cultural centers

The former home of Pedro Domingo Murillo, martyr of the independence revolution of 1809, has been preserved and is now a museum. The house displays a collection of furniture, textiles, and art from colonial times.

Museo Costumbrista: Displays ceramic dolls wearing traditional customs that show how was life in the early 19th century. Also on display are photos of old La Paz.

Museo Nacional de Arqueología (''Nacional Museum of Archeology''): Depicts a collection of artifacts of the Tiawanaku culture.

Museo del Litoral (''Museum of the Coastal Region''): Displays objects from the 1879 war in which Bolivia lost its sea coast to Chile.

Museo del Oro (''Gold Museum''): Depicts pre-Conquest works made of gold, silver and copper.

Museo de Etnografía y Folklore (''Ethnography and Folkolore Museum''): Placed in a house built in the late 18th century, it exhibits customs and art of two ethnic groups: Chipayas and Ayoreos.

Museo del Charango (''Museum of Charango''): Located in Calle Linares, the museum displays an incredible variety of charangos. Other native instruments are displayed as well.

Museo de Historia Natural (''Natural History Museum''): Exhibits on Bolivia's paleontology, geology, paleontology, zoology, and botany.

Casa Museo Marina Nuñez del Prado (''Marina Nuñez del Prado House Museum''): Displays Quechua and Aymara-theme sculptures by Bolivian artist Marina Nuñez del Prado.

Museo Nacional de Arte (''National Art Museum''): Located in calle Comercio, on a former palace built in 1775, displays works by Melchor Perez de Holguín and Marina Nuñez del Prado, among others.

Mercado de Brujas (''Witches' Market''): Merchandise sold here includes herbs, remedies as well as other ingredients used in Aymara traditions.

Feria de Alasitas: This fair is celebrated each year on January 24 in honor of a little god of abundance known as Ekeko, which means dwarf in Aymara.

Churches and cathedrals

Metropolitan Cathedral, built in 1835 and located next to the Presidential Palace, on Murillo Square;

San Francisco Church, founded in 1548 and rebuilt 1784.

Others

Bolivian Presidential Palace, also known as "Burned Palace".

Parque Urbano Central ''(Central Urban Park)''

Local festivities

January 24: ''Alasitas'',in all neighborhoods

February 2: ''Virgen de Copacabana'', (Villa Copacabana)

May 1: ''San José Obrero'' (V. Nuevo Potosí)

May 3: ''Señor de la Santa Cruz'' (Calvario, Tacagua, Calacoto)

May 13: ''Virgen de Fátima'' (Villa Fátima)

May 14: ''San Isidro, Labrador'' (San Isidro)

May 17: ''Señor de la Sentencia'' (Villa Armonía)

May: Jesus, ''Señor del Gran Poder'' (movible, Gran Poder)

June 13: ''San Antonio de Padua'' (San Antonio)

June 24: ''San Juan Bautista'' (Valle Hermoso, San Juan)

June 29: ''San Pedro Apóstol'' (San Pedro)

July 16: ''Virgen del Carmen, Patroness of Bolivia and the Armed Forces of the Nation Efemerides of La Paz

July 25: ''Apóstol Santiago'' (Munaypata, Pampahasi, Pasankeri, Periférica, Alto Delicias)

August 15: ''Virgen de Urqupiña'' (Urkupiña)

August 15: ''Virgen de la Asunción'' (Villa Victoria)

September 8: ''Virgen de las Nieves'' (V. Copacabana, M. Paredes, La Portada, Achachicala, Alto Irpavi, Cotahuma, Las Nieves)

September 8: ''Virgen de los Remedios'' (Miraflores)

September 14: ''Señor de la Exaltación'' (Obrajes, G. de Lima, Bajo Tejar, Vino Tinto)

September 24: ''Virgen de la Merced'' (Cota Cota)

October 7: ''Virgen del Rosario'' (El Rosario)

November: ''Cristo Rey'' (Pura Pura)

December 4: ''Santa Barbara'' (Santa Bárbara, Llojeta)

December 8: ''Virgen de la Concepción'' (Kupini, Sopocachi, Achumani)

Transportation

Airport

La Paz is served by El Alto International Airport (IATA code: LPB), which is situated eight miles (14 km) south-west of La Paz. At an elevation of , it is one of the highest major airports in the world. Airport facilities include a bank, bars, car rentals, restaurants, free wi-fi internet and duty-free shops. The runway has a length of (or 2.5 miles). Additionally, it is the second airport in the Western Hemisphere, and the third airport in the world, to successfully pass the International Civil Aviation Organization's (ICAO) Universal Security Audit Program (USAP).

Buses

La Paz Bus Station, previously bus and train station, was built by the French architect Gustave Eiffel. The main gateway for transporting intercities bus travel in La Paz with several daily departs to all the main Bolivian cities. Bus Terminal in La Paz is the main city bus station. The city is connected by road with the city of Oruro where you can access the cities of Sucre, Potosí and south of the country. There is an important road that connects the road to Oruro in the cities of Cochabamba and Santa Cruz. There are also access roads to paviementados Copacabana and Tiwanaku to the west, near the Lake Titicaca, which continues until the city of Cuzco via the border town of Desaguadero. There are also roads north to get to The Yungas crossing the Andes Mountains.

The bus terminal has daily departures to major cities. There are also trips to other cities in countries like Chile and Peru. For departures to smaller cities and towns within the department, using informal stations located in Villa Fatima (departures to Los Yungas, Beni and Pando, Upper San Pedro (outputs Apolo) and near the General Cemetery (outputs Copacabana and other nearby cities to Lake Titicaca, and also Tiwanacu, Desaguadero where you can go to Peru).

Communication

The postal service is run by ''ECOBOL'' (National Company) which has its headquarters in La Paz. There are other companies offering courier and transport logistics courier nationally and internationally.

The private telecommunications company'' 'Entel''' is located in the city. Provides services telephony, Internet, cell phone, data and voice. The telephone cooperative Cotel is responsible for managing much of their phones and now offers Internet services and cable television among others.

Area Code: 2

Country Code: 591

The main daily newspapers in circulation are:'' 'La Razon,'' 'El Diario,'' 'La Prensa,'' 'Jornada and'' 'El Alteño' .'' Other papers of local importance are: Extra and PEOPLE. There are also several other publications and weekly magazines.

There are 18 television channels with offices in La Paz. Channel 7 is state property. The main ones are: Unitel, ATB Bolivia, Red Uno, Bolivision, Red PAT. Channel 13 is managed by the Universidad Mayor de San Andres. Two local companies offer cable television service as Multivision and Cotel TV.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

La Paz is part of the Union of Capital Cities Latin America from October 12, 1982 establishing brotherly relations with the following cities:

* , Madrid

* , '''Asunción

* , '''Bogotá

* , '''Buenos Aires

* , Caracas

* , '''Guatemala City

* , La Habana

, Managua

* , Mexico City

* , Montevideo

* , Panama City

* , London

* , Quito

* , Lisboa

* , Rio de Janeiro

, San Jose (Costa Rica)>San Jose

San Juan (Puerto Rico)>San Juan

* , San Salvador

* , Santiago

* , Santo Domingo

* , Tegucigalpa

Additionally, agreement was reached by Twin Cities with:

, Mérida (Venezuela)>Mérida

* , Sao Paulo (1999)

* , Arica

, Calama, Chile>Calama

, Bonn

* , Moscow

* , Dalian

* , Bolzano

* , Ensenada

* , Denver

* , Cuzco (1984)

* , Santa Ana de Coro

* , Pachuca de Soto

In June 2008 it signed a twinning agreement with the City of Zaragoza, Spain.

La Paz belongs to Merco Ciudades, signed by 180 urbes of the member countries of Mercosur, since 1999.

Gallery

Curiosities

La Paz is the highest capital city in the world.

El Alto International Airport is the highest international airport in the world (13,325 feet above mean sea level).

The water boils there at a temperature of .

La Paz has the highest recognized olympic stadium. FIFA issued a rule forbidding the organisation of official matches in stadiums in more than 2,500 meters of altitude because players become more exhausted with less oxygen.

La Paz bus station was built by Gustav Eiffel who also built the Eiffel Tower.

See also

Paceña

San Pedro prison

Tarija

References

External links

Municipality of La Paz

La Paz Travel Guide

Weather in La Paz

Bolivia Weekly

La Paz Walking Tours

Category:Capitals in South America Category:La Paz Category:Populated places established in 1548

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name	Rebecca Black
background	solo_singer
birth date	June 21, 1997
birth place	Anaheim, California, U.S.
genre	Teen pop, bubblegum pop, dance-pop, pop
occupation	Singer
instrument	Vocals
years active	2011–present
label	RB
website
notable instruments	}}

Rebecca Black (born June 21, 1997) is an American pop singer who gained extensive media attention with her 2011 single "Friday". Her mother paid $4,000 to have the single and an accompanying music video put out as a vanity release through the record label ARK Music Factory. The song was co-written and produced by Clarence Jey and Patrice Wilson of Ark Music Factory. After the video went viral on YouTube and other social media sites, "Friday" was derided by many music critics and viewers, who dubbed it "the worst song ever." The music video received around 167 million views, causing Black to gain international attention as a "viral star," before being removed from the site on June 16.

Biography

Rebecca Black was born on June 21, 1997, in Anaheim, California. She is the daughter of John Jeffery Black and Georgina Marquez Kelly, both veterinarians. An honor student, Black studied dance, auditioned for school shows, attended music summer camps, and began singing publicly in 2008 after joining the patriotic group Celebration USA. In 2011 Black left public school in favor of homeschooling, both in response to constant verbal bullying at school and in order to focus more of her time on her career.

Music career

In late 2010, a classmate of Black and music-video client of ARK Music Factory, a Los Angeles label, told her about the company. Black's mother paid $4,000 for Ark Music to produce her daughter's music video while the Blacks retained ownership of the master. The single, "Friday," written entirely by Ark, was released on YouTube and iTunes. The song's video was uploaded to YouTube on February 10, 2011, and received approximately 1,000 views in the first month. The video went viral on March 11, 2011, acquiring millions of views on YouTube in a matter of days, becoming the most-talked-about topic on social networking site Twitter, and garnering mostly negative media coverage. As of June 14, 2011, the video had received more than 3,190,000 "dislikes" on YouTube compared to more than 451,000 "likes". As of March 22, 2011, first-week sales of her digital single were estimated to be around 40,000 by ''Billboard.'' On March 22, 2011, Black appeared on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno,'' during which she performed the single and discussed the negative reaction to it. The song has peaked on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100 and the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 58 and 33, respectively. In the UK, the song debuted at number 61 on the UK Singles Chart.

In an interview with ''The Sun'', Black said that she is recording a new song for possible release as a single. She is currently working without a record deal. She also said that she is preparing materials for her debut album at Flying Pig Productions studio in Los Angeles containing songs with themes similar to that of "Friday," as she wants it to be "appropriate and clean." Black teamed up with Funny or Die on April Fools Day (the site was renamed Friday or Die) for a series of videos, including one which addresses the controversy about the driving kids in her music video, stating "We so excited about safety." She has also stated that she is a fan of Justin Bieber, and expressed interest in performing a duet with him.

In response to the YouTube video of "Friday," Black began to receive death threats in late February 2011, specifically by phone and email. These threats are being investigated by the Anaheim Police Department.

In March 2011, Ryan Seacrest reportedly helped sign Rebecca to manager Debra Baum's DB Entertainment.

MTV selected Rebecca to host its first online awards show, the O Music Awards Fan Army Party in April 2011. As an homage to "Friday," Black appears in the music video for Katy Perry's "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)," in which Black plays alongside Perry as the hostess of a party Perry attends. "Friday" was also performed on the second season of ''Glee'' in the episode, "Prom Queen," which originally aired May 10, 2011. When asked about why the song was covered on ''Glee'', show creator Ryan Murphy replied, "The show pays tribute to pop culture and, love it or hate it, that song is pop culture."

Black released a self-produced single titled "My Moment" on July 18, with an accompanying music video, publishing it to her YouTube channel; the video as of August 22 has received, approximately, 520,000 "dislikes" against 300,000 "likes." In the "My Moment" music video, director Morgan Lawley features real life video of Black's life from both before and after her fame. Black is set to release a digital 5-track EP in August.

Black appears as herself in the music video of Katy Perry's single "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)". She appears as the host of a party in the house next door to that of "Kathy Beth Terry". At the end of the video Perry attempts to blame the excesses of the party (which had subsequently moved to her own house) on Black, only for her parents (Corey Feldman and Debbie Gibson) to disbelieve her. Later on, Perry (in character as Kathy Beth Terry) and Black hosted a livestream on Tinychat.com after weeks of Black being mentioned on Terry's twitter. Perry, who performs Friday routinely on stage as part of California Dreams Tour, also brought Black on stage to perform the song as a duet during her show at the Nokia Theater on August 5, 2011.

On August 10, 2011, Rebecca Black was featured in an ABC ''Primetime Nightline: Celebrity Secrets'' special entitled ''Underage and Famous: Inside Child Stars' Lives''.

RB Records

Rebecca Black established her own independent record label RB Records. The first release on the new label was "My Moment", the follow up single to "Friday".

Discography

Singles

61 —

scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"	Title	Year	Peak chart positions						Album
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"		! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"	! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"
! scope="row"	rowspan="2">2011	58	40	|	46	33	60	rowspan="2"	TBA
scope="row"	"My Moment"	—	—	|	—	—	—

Awards and nominations

In April 2011, the ''MTV O Music Awards'', one of the annual awards established by MTV to honor the art, creativity, personality and technology of music into the digital space nominated "Which Seat Can I Take?" for "Favorite Animated GIF" that included footage by Rebecca Black featuring 50 Cent and Bert. Black was named "Choice Web Star" at the 2011 Teen Choice Awards in August 2011.

Year	Nominated work	Event	Award	Result
	"Which Seat Can I Take?" (50 Cent, Rebecca Black, Bert)	MTV O Music Awards	Favorite Animated GIF
Herself	2011 Teen Choice Awards	Choice Web Star

References

External links

Official YouTube channel

Category:1997 births Category:American child singers Category:American dance musicians Category:American female pop singers Category:ARK Music Factory Category:Child pop musicians Category:Internet memes Category:Living people Category:People from Anaheim, California Category:Singers from California

ar:ريبيكا بلاك ca:Rebecca Black de:Rebecca Black es:Rebecca Black fr:Rebecca Black id:Rebecca Black it:Rebecca Black he:רבקה בלאק ka:რებეკა ბლეკი lv:Rebeka Bleka hu:Rebecca Black mk:Ребека Блек ml:റെബേക്കാ ബ്ലാക്ക് nl:Rebecca Black ja:レベッカ・ブラック no:Rebecca Black nn:Rebecca Black uz:Rebecca Black pl:Rebecca Black pt:Rebecca Black ru:Блэк, Ребекка simple:Rebecca Black sr:Rebeka Blek fi:Rebecca Black sv:Rebecca Black uk:Ребекка Блек vi:Rebecca Black zh:瑞贝卡·布莱克

name	DJ Muggs
background	solo_singer
birth name	Lawrence Muggerud
alias	Muggs
birth date	January 28, 1968
origin	Queens, New York
genre	Hip hop
occupation	DJ Producer
label	Columbia Records
associated acts	Cypress HillFunkdoobiestSoul AssassinsGZASick JackenThe 7A3Ill Bill
website	djmuggs.com }}

Lawrence Muggerud (born January 28, 1968), better known as DJ Muggs, is Cypress Hill's DJ and producer. He also produced tracks for Funkdoobiest on the albums Which Doobie U B? and Brothas Doobie.

Life and career

Cypress Hill (1988 - 2004)

Muggs was born in Queens, New York of Italian and Norwegian descent. Muggs moved to L.A. at fourteen. He briefly DJ'd the group 7a3, putting out one album before disbanding. After linking up with B-Real and Sen Dog to form the group Cypress Hill, he went on to produce seven studio albums with the group, from 1991 to 2004. Of the seven, four reached platinum status, and three gold. Meanwhile, he scored hits on the side with Ice Cube's "Check Yo Self" and House of Pain's "Jump Around." During Cypress Hill's early years, DJ Muggs met The Alchemist and his Dilated Peoples brethren on tour, deciding to take the young producer under his wing, providing a jump-start for his career.

Soul Assassins

In 1997, Muggs released an album under the name Soul Assassins. The album, ''Soul Assassins I'', reached #86 on the Billboard 200 and earned critical praise. Produced by DJ Muggs, it featured a variety of rappers including Dr. Dre, B-Real, LA The Darkman, Mobb Deep, RZA, GZA, Goodie Mob, KRS One and Wyclef Jean. In 2000 he returned to the Soul Assassins with ''Soul Assassins II'', which reached only #178 on the charts but garnered similarly positive reviews. He also put out the record ''Dust'', an atmosphere-heavy trip-hop affair with Greg Dulli, Amy Trujillo and Everlast on vocals. After the 2004 album ''Til Death Do Us Part'', which didn't reach gold but landed #23 on the Billboard 200, Cypress Hill went on a hiatus from recording, enabling its members to focus more on their side projects.

Further Solo Projects & Return of Cypress Hill (2005 - 2010)

In 2005, DJ Muggs teamed up with Wu-Tang Clan's GZA for the album ''Grandmasters'', the first project released on his label Angeles Records. Patterned after a chess game, it received highly positive reviews; Muggs also announced a ''Soul Assassins III'' album, produced jointly by himself and Alchemist, reportedly to be preceded by a record called ''Cloak & Dagger'', also featuring Alchemist. Instead, Muggs produced an album for Psycho Realm member Sick Jacken, ''Legend of the Mask and the Assassin'' two years later, in 2007. In 2008, Muggs announced that his album with California rapper Planet Asia would be the third Soul Assassins album, but the two released ''Pain Language'' later that year as a simple collaboration.

Before the release of his solo album ''Smoke N Mirrors'' in 2009, B-Real reported that Cypress Hill has been working on an album for roughly a year. Currently in the mixing phase, Muggs has produced half of the album's material so far, going to DJ Premier, Pete Rock and Mike Shinoda for the rest. In 2009, Muggs entered the Gumball 3000 cross-country race, and on June 23, 2009, ''Soul Assassins: Intermission'' was released, featuring RZA, Prodigy, Evidence, The Alchemist and Bun B. The first single for the album was "Gangsta Shit," by Bun B and M1 of Dead Prez. Despite its high-profile guest list, the release was met with lukewarm reception, and Muggs later clarified its status as a preview before the release of ''Soul Assassins III'', the next full-fledged installment of his Soul Assassins series. Muggs plans next on recording his 5th V.S. album with group member B-Real.

On the Soul Assassins Official Website, it was also revealed that Muggs will contribute Production to the new album from rapper Apathy, "Honkey Kong" Due out in early 2011. The Track is Titled "Fear Itself"

In 2011, Muggs plans on releasing a New Album called "Bass For Your Face" which he describes as a West Coast "Dubstep" Album. Although he says the album will feature an extensive guest list, thus far the only guest named is London Grime MC P-Money

Discography

2003: ''Dust''

With Cypress Hill

:''For the main article see the Cypress Hill discography.

1991: ''Cypress Hill''

1993: ''Black Sunday''

1995: ''Cypress Hill III: Temples of Boom''

1998: ''Cypress Hill IV''

2000: ''Skull & Bones''

2001: ''Stoned Raiders''

2004: ''Till Death Do Us Part''

Vs. Series

2005: ''Grandmasters'' with GZA

2007: ''Legend of the Mask and the Assassin'' with Sick Jacken featuring Cynic

2008: ''Pain Language'' with Planet Asia

2010: ''Kill Devil Hills'' with Ill Bill

2011: ''West Coast Dubstep Street Sessions'' with 6BLOCC

2011: ''vs. B-Real''

2012: ''vs. Heavy Metal Kings''

Soul Assassins

1997: ''Soul Assassins I''

2000: ''Soul Assassins II''

2009: ''Soul Assassins: Intermission''

With Chace Infinite

2004: ''The Last Assassin'' with Chace Infinite

With DJ Warrior

2005: ''Mash Up Radio (Hip Hop vs. Rock) Vol. 1'' with DJ Warrior

2005: ''Mash Up Radio (Hip Hop vs. Rock) Vol. 2'' with DJ Warrior

With Tricky & Dame Grease

1999: ''Juxtapose'' with Tricky & Dame Grease

See also

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Muggs_production_discography

References

External links

Official Site

Interview With HipHopDX

Category:Hip hop DJs Category:American hip hop musicians Category:Hip hop record producers Category:People from Queens Category:People from New York City Category:American musicians of Italian descent Category:American musicians of Norwegian descent Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:Cypress Hill members

bg:Диджей Мъгс de:DJ Muggs es:DJ Muggs fr:DJ Muggs it:Dj Muggs pl:DJ Muggs fi:DJ Muggs sv:DJ Muggs tr:DJ Muggs

name	Ill Bill
background	solo_singer
birth name	William Braunstein
born	14 July 1972
origin	Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
genre	Hip hop
occupation	Rapper Producer Label CEO
instruments	Vocals
years active	1991–present
label	Uncle Howie Psycho+Logical
associated acts	Non Phixion La Coka Nostra Circle of Tyrants Secret Society Injustice Necro DJ Muggs Jedi Mind Tricks
website	www.illbill.comwww.unclehowie.com }}

William Braunstein, better known as Ill Bill, is a American rapper and record producer from Brooklyn, New York. Having gained notoriety in the underground hip hop group Non Phixion, Ill Bill is known for his politically-themed lyrics and as the producer, founder and CEO of Uncle Howie Records. His brother Ron is also a rapper and producer, known as Necro.

Biography

Ill Bill was the main voice behind the now disbanded Non Phixion, and is currently involved with La Coka Nostra, along with Everlast, Slaine, Danny Boy and DJ Lethal of House of Pain & Limp Bizkit fame. In 2004 he released his debut solo album ''What's Wrong with Bill?'' and has since released various solo mixtapes and collaborations in anticipation for his second solo record and the upcoming La Coka Nostra album.

On September 16, 2008, he released his second album on Uncle Howie Records, entitled ''The Hour of Reprisal''. The album includes appearances from Necro, Tech N9ne, B-Real of Cypress Hill, Everlast, Bad Brains, Max Cavalera of Soulfly, Vinnie Paz of Jedi Mind Tricks, Howard Jones of Killswitch Engage, Immortal Technique and Raekwon of Wu-Tang Clan. It also features production by DJ Muggs, T-Ray, DJ Lethal, Necro, DJ Premier and Ill Bill himself.

He is also scheduled to release collaboration albums with Vinnie Paz and Sean Price. Possibly also a concept mixtape together with Raekwon. Ill Bill was supposed to release a collaboration album with rapper Crooked I and production team Blue Sky Black Death, but the project was cancelled.

During Spring 2008, Ill Bill joined Tech N9ne and Paul Wall on a nationwide tour. "The Hour of Reprisal" was released on September 16, 2008 by Uncle Howie Records and Fat Beats.

In an October 31, 2010 interview on Conspiracy Worldwide Radio, Ill Bill discussed his relationship with his brother Necro and his range of albums expected in 2011 including La Coka Nostra, The Pill album with Sean Price and his Heavy Metal Kings album with Vinnie Paz set to release April 5, 2011.

''What's Wrong with Bill?''

''What's Wrong with Bill?'' is Ill Bill's debut studio album, released on May 4, 2004 by Psycho+Logical-Records. The album spawned one single, "The Anatomy of a School Shooting", and a music video for "Chasing the Dragon". This album never charted.

The album contains 14 studio tracks, one skit and one remix. Featured guests on the album include fellow Non Phixion members Goretex and Sabac Red, Ill Bill's brother Necro, Uncle Howie, Q-Unique and Mr. Hyde.

Discography

2004: ''What's Wrong with Bill?''

2008: ''The Hour of Reprisal''

2010: ''Kill Devil Hills'' (with DJ Muggs)

2011: ''Heavy Metal Kings'' (with Vinnie Paz)

2012: ''New solo album'' 2012: ''Heavy Metal Kings vs. DJ Muggs'' TBA: ''The Pill'' (with Sean Price)

References

External links

www.illbill.com

Category:American rappers Category:Living people Category:People from Brooklyn Category:Rappers from New York City Category:Underground rappers Category:Horrorcore artists Category:1972 births

de:Ill Bill el:Ill Bill es:Ill Bill fr:Ill Bill it:Ill Bill he:איל ביל mk:Ил Бил pl:Ill Bill pt:Ill Bill ru:Илл Билл fi:Ill Bill sv:Ill Bill tr:Ill Bill

name	Vinnie Paz
background	solo_singer
birth name	Vincenzo Luvineri(Changed to Vincent Luviner)
alias	Ikon the Verbal Hologram, Vinnie P, Louie Doggs, Osama Vin Laden, Genocide General, Pazmanian Devil, Pazmanian Damien, Pazienza
born	October 05, 1977 Agrigento, Sicily
religion	Muslim
genre	Hip hop
occupation	Rapper, Producer
years active	1990–present
label	Enemy Soil
associated acts	Jedi Mind Tricks, Army of the Pharaohs, Ill Bill, Apathy, 7L & Esoteric, OuterSpace, Reef the Lost Cauze
notable instruments	}}

Vincenzo Luvineri, better known as Vinnie Paz (formerly known as Ikon the Verbal Hologram), is an Italian American rapper and the lyricist behind the Philadelphia underground hip hop group Jedi Mind Tricks. He is also the frontman of the hip hop supergroup Army of the Pharaohs.

Biography

Originally taking the pseudonym of Ikon the Verbal Hologram, he later changed his name to Vinnie Paz, after the Rhode Island boxer Vinny Pazienza. Paz originally started rapping with fellow Jedi Mind Tricks member Stoupe in his basement. Paz is known for his raw and gritty lyrical delivery. He is also known for his extensive use of studio punch-ins, seldom recording a verse in one take. His lyrics frequently contain references to religion, war, politics, mythology, conspiracy theories, the paranormal, and ufo's. His more recent albums such as ''Servants in Heaven Kings in Hell'' show a more obvious approach to politics and world issues. This gritty style of Paz became apparent with the release of ''Violent by Design'', and has become progressively more defined since its release. Vinnie Paz has a number of aliases, including Louie Doggs, Vinnie P, The Pazmanian Devil, Pazienza, Frank Vinatra, Vin Jong Ill, Rumplestiltsvin, Muhammad Al Vinejahd, and Vin Laden. Raised Catholic, Vinnie Paz is now Muslim, which plays a major role in many of his lyrics. Vinnie is also a heavy metal fan, and occasionally uses song titles and band names in JMT tracks and lyrics.

Army of the Pharaohs

Paz formed Army of the Pharaohs, an underground East Coast hip hop group featuring himself, Apathy, Celph Titled, Chief Kamachi, 7L & Esoteric, Planetary & Crypt the Warchild (Outerspace), King Syze, Faez One, Jus Allah, Doap Nixon, Reef the Lost Cauze, Demoz, Block Mccloud, and Des Devious, although not every artist is on every track.

Collaborations

Vinnie appeared on Percee P's 2007 release, ''Perseverance''. Paz along with Guilty Simpson arets' tracks, including Mr. Lif, Canibus, Sabac Red, Pumpkinhead, and Block McCloud.

Discography

Solo albums

''Season of the Assassin'' (2010)

''God of the Serengeti'' (2012)

Collaboration albums

''Heavy Metal Kings'' (2011) (with Ill Bill)

Heavy Metal Kings vs. DJ Muggs album (2012)

Mixtapes and EPs

''The Sound and the Fury'' (2006)

''Before the Assassin'' (2010)

''Prayer for The Assassin '' (2010)

''Fires of the Judas Blood'' (2010)

Jedi Mind Tricks

Army of the Pharaohs

References

External links

Vinnie Paz official website

Interview with Vinnie Paz in the Vermont Cynic

Jedi Mind Tricks' official website

lives in boise idaho and raps with silent ace Category:People from Delaware County, Pennsylvania Category:American musicians of Italian descent Category:American people of Sicilian descent Category:American rappers of Italian descent Category:Rappers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:Converts to Islam from Catholicism Category:American Muslims Category:Converts to Islam Category:Underground rappers

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